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The difference model has roots in the studies of John Gumperz, who examined differences in cross-cultural communication.While the difference model deals with cross-gender communication, the male and female genders are often presented as being two separate cultures, hence the relevance of Gumperz's studies.
Mark Orbe, a communication theorist, has suggested that in the U.S. the dominant group consists of white, heterosexual, middle-class, males. [71] Thus, groups that distinguish themselves from the dominant one in terms of race, age, gender, sexual orientation, and economic status can potentially be silenced or muted. [71]
Gender-diverse leaders also find that gender differences matter less in gender-diverse environments [110] or where their identities are more prototypical of the group; for example, with activist organizations [41] and with inclusive churches. [111] Scholars have found some traits more important for women’s leadership emergence then they are ...
In education, business, law, and other fields, gender blindness or sex blindness [1] is the practice of disregarding gender as a significant factor in interactions between people and applying equal rules across genders (formal equality of opportunity).
Rudman and Goodwin conducted research on gender bias that measured gender preferences without directly asking the participants. Subjects at Purdue and Rutgers participated in computerized tasks that measured automatic attitudes based on how quickly a person categorizes pleasant and unpleasant attributes with each gender. Such a task was done to ...
Ambivalent sexism is a theoretical framework which posits that sexism has two sub-components: hostile sexism (HS) [1] and benevolent sexism (BS). [1] Hostile sexism reflects overtly negative evaluations and stereotypes about a gender (e.g., the ideas that women are incompetent and inferior to men).
Technologies, including communications technologies, have a long history of shaping and being shaped by the gender of their users. Although technologies used to perform housework have an apparent historical connection to gender in many cultures, [2] a more ready connection to SNSs may be drawn with telephones as a communications technology readily and widely available in the home.
Quality curriculum should include gender equality as a result of teaching and learning in TEIs, as well as in schools. Educational systems that adopt gender equality aspects are able to: Revise its curriculum framework to explicitly state commitment to gender equality. Emphasize attitudes and values that promote gender equality.