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Diagram illustrating the relationship between distance, group size on the target (subtension) and angular group size Mean point of impact (MPI) is the calculated center of the grouping, which is the average center of all the shots, and is not necessarily located at a hole in the target. [ 2 ]
Bullet parts: 1 metal jacket, 2 lead core, 3 steel penetrator. Terminal ballistics is a sub-field of ballistics concerned with the behavior and effects of a projectile when it hits and transfers its energy to a target. Bullet design (as well as the velocity of impact) largely determines the effectiveness of penetration. [1]
The bore angle is set to ensure that a bullet on a parabolic trajectory will intersect the LOS to the target at a specific range. A properly adjusted rifle barrel and sight are said to be "zeroed." Figure 3 illustrates how the LOS, bullet trajectory, and range ( R H {\displaystyle R_{H}} ) are related.
Since an mrad is an angular measurement, the subtension covered by a given angle (angular distance or angular diameter) increases with viewing distance to the target. For instance the same angle of 0.1 mrad will subtend 10 mm at 100 meters, 20 mm at 200 meters, etc., or similarly 0.39 inches at 100 m, 0.78 inches at 200 m, etc.
Each group is described by the minimum diameter circle perpendicular to the axis of bullet movement including the impact point of all bullets in that group. [1] A firearm consistently placing bullets within a 1 inch (25 mm) diameter circle on a target 100 yards (91 m) from the muzzle might be described as capable of 1-inch groups at 100 yards.
The predicted impact point (PIP) is the location that a ballistic projectile (e.g. bomb, missile, bullet) is expected to strike if fired. The PIP is almost always actively determined by a targeting computer , which then projects a PIP marker (a " pipper ") onto a head-up display (HUD).
Sectional density is a very important aspect of a projectile or bullet, and is for a round projectile like a bullet the ratio of frontal surface area (half the bullet diameter squared, times pi) to bullet mass. Since, for a given bullet shape, frontal surface increases as the square of the calibre, and mass increases as the cube of the diameter ...
To calculate the velocity of the bullet given the horizontal swing, the following formula is used: [9] = where: is the velocity of the bullet, in feet per second; is the mass of the pendulum, in grains; is the mass of the bullet, in grains
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