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Metformin has acid dissociation constant values (pK a) of 2.8 and 11.5, so it exists very largely as the hydrophilic cationic species at physiological pH values. The metformin pK a values make it a stronger base than most other basic medications with less than 0.01% nonionized in blood.
Metformin, or dimethylbiguanide, is the primary treatment used for type 2 diabetes. Metformin has been shown to indirectly affect pyruvate kinase through the inhibition of gluconeogenesis. Specifically, the addition of metformin is linked to a marked decrease in glucose flux and increase in lactate/pyruvate flux from various metabolic pathways.
If the pH is known, the ratio may be calculated. This ratio is independent of the analytical concentration of the acid. In water, measurable pK a values range from about −2 for a strong acid to about 12 for a very weak acid (or strong base). A buffer solution of a desired pH can be prepared as a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base ...
Another small study on people without diabetes who were overweight or had obesity found that those taking metformin lost between 5.6 and 6.5 percent of their body weight. In contrast, the control ...
By accounting for the self-ionization of water, the true pH of the solution can be calculated. For example, a 5 × 10 −8 M solution of HCl would have a pH of 6.89 when treated as a mixture of HCl and water. The self-ionization equilibrium of solutions of sodium hydroxide at higher concentrations must also be considered.
This equation is the equation of a straight line for as a function of pH with a slope of () volt (pH has no units). This equation predicts lower E h {\displaystyle E_{h}} at higher pH values. This is observed for the reduction of O 2 into H 2 O, or OH − , and for reduction of H + into H 2 .
Timing is everything for many things in life — including when to take medication like metformin, sold under the brand names Glucophage®, Fortamet®, Riomet®, and Glumetza®.
If there is no oxygen available for the parts of the glucose metabolism that require oxygen (citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation), excess pyruvate will be converted in excess lactate. In "type B" lactic acidosis the lactate accumulates because there is a mismatch between glycolysis activity and the remainder of glucose metabolism.