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The volume of the n-ball () can be computed by integrating the volume element in spherical coordinates. The spherical coordinate system has a radial coordinate r and angular coordinates φ 1 , …, φ n − 1 , where the domain of each φ except φ n − 1 is [0, π ) , and the domain of φ n − 1 is [0, 2 π ) .
A cushion filled with stuffing. In geometry, the paper bag problem or teabag problem is to calculate the maximum possible inflated volume of an initially flat sealed rectangular bag which has the same shape as a cushion or pillow, made out of two pieces of material which can bend but not stretch.
For laminar flow in a circular pipe of diameter , the friction factor is inversely proportional to the Reynolds number alone (f D = 64 / Re ) which itself can be expressed in terms of easily measured or published physical quantities (see section below). Making this substitution the Darcy–Weisbach equation is rewritten as
The area of the base of a cylinder is the area of a circle (in this case we define that the circle has a radius with measure ): =. To calculate the total area of a right circular cylinder, you simply add the lateral area to the area of the two bases: = +.
Volume Cuboid: a, b = the sides of the cuboid's base ... Right circular solid cone: r = the radius of the cone's base h = the distance is from base to the apex ...
For a given volume, the right circular cylinder with the smallest surface area has h = 2r. Equivalently, for a given surface area, the right circular cylinder with the largest volume has h = 2 r , that is, the cylinder fits snugly in a cube of side length = altitude ( = diameter of base circle).
The surface-area-to-volume ratio has physical dimension inverse length (L −1) and is therefore expressed in units of inverse metre (m −1) or its prefixed unit multiples and submultiples. As an example, a cube with sides of length 1 cm will have a surface area of 6 cm 2 and a volume of 1 cm 3. The surface to volume ratio for this cube is thus
As the local density of a packing in an infinite space can vary depending on the volume over which it is measured, the problem is usually to maximise the average or asymptotic density, measured over a large enough volume. For equal spheres in three dimensions, the densest packing uses approximately 74% of the volume.