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Conventional insulin therapy is characterized by: Insulin injections of a mixture of regular (or rapid) and intermediate acting insulin are performed two times a day, or to improve overnight glucose, mixed in the morning to cover breakfast and lunch, but with regular (or rapid) acting insulin alone for dinner and intermediate acting insulin at bedtime (instead of being mixed in at dinner).
In insulin-deficient diabetes (exogenous) insulin levels do not decrease as glucose levels fall, and the combination of deficient glucagon and epinephrine responses causes defective glucose counterregulation. Furthermore, reduced sympathoadrenal responses can cause hypoglycemia unawareness.
Other serious side effects may include low blood potassium. [5] Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is generally safe. [7] It works the same as human insulin by increasing the amount of glucose that tissues take in and decreasing the amount of glucose made by the liver. [5] Insulin lispro was first approved for use in the United States in 1996.
Early initiation of insulin therapy for the long-term management of conditions such as type 2 diabetes would suggest that the use of insulin has unique benefits, however, with insulin therapy, there is a need to gradually raise the dose and the complexity of the regimen, as well as the likelihood of developing severe hypoglycemia which is why ...
Common side effects include low blood sugar, problems at the site of injection, itchiness, and weight gain. [7] Other serious side effects include low blood potassium. [7] NPH insulin rather than insulin glargine is generally preferred in pregnancy. [8] After injection, microcrystals slowly release insulin for about 24 hours. [7]
Exercise decreases insulin requirements as exercise increases glucose uptake by body cells whose glucose is controlled by the insulin. [21] Insulin therapy creates risk because of the inability to continuously know a person's BG level and adjust insulin infusion appropriately. New advances in technology have overcome much of this problem.
Drugs used in diabetes treat types of diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose levels in the blood.With the exception of insulin, most GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide, exenatide, and others), and pramlintide, all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents.
See hypoglycemia for more on effects, recovery, and risks. Further therapy and prevention depends upon the specific cause. Most hypoglycemia due to excessive insulin occurs in people who take insulin for type 1 diabetes. Management of this hypoglycemia is sugar or starch by mouth (or in severe cases, an injection of glucagon or intravenous ...