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Hobson and McCarley originally proposed in the 1970s that the differences in the waking-NREM-REM sleep cycle was the result of interactions between aminergic REM-off cells and cholinergic REM-on cells. [5] This was perceived as the activation-synthesis model, stating that brain activation during REM sleep results in synthesis of dream creation. [1]
In 1977, Hobson and McCarley developed the activation synthesis theory of dreaming that said that dreams do not have meanings and are the result of the brain attempting to make sense of random neuronal firing in the cortex. [2] McCarley has extensively studied the brainstem mechanisms that control REM sleep. [3]
Cholinergic activation of these higher areas was thought to result in the meaningless images that make up our dreams. This process is switched off by noradrenaline and serotonin which are also released by the brain stem. The formation of the Activation-Synthesis Model put forth by Allan Hobson and McCarley in 1975 rested largely on these ...
John Allan Hobson (June 3, 1933 – July 7, 2021 [1]) was an American psychiatrist and dream researcher. He was known for his research on rapid eye movement sleep.He was Professor of Psychiatry, Emeritus, Harvard Medical School, and Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
Reverse learning is a neurobiological theory of dreams. [1] In 1983, in a paper [2] published in the science journal Nature, Crick and Mitchison's reverse learning model likened the process of dreaming to a computer in that it was "off-line" during dreaming or the REM phase of sleep. During this phase, the brain sifts through information ...
Synthetic population is artificial population data that fits the distribution of people and their relevant characteristics living in a specified area as according to the demographics from census data. [1] Synthetic populations are often a basis for microsimulation or also agent based models of population behavior. [2]
The original, modern synthesis view of population genetics assumes that mutations provide ample raw material, and focuses only on the change in frequency of alleles within populations. [13] The main processes influencing allele frequencies are natural selection , genetic drift , gene flow and recurrent mutation .
A scenario is a set of related concepts pertinent to the origin of life (abiogenesis), such as the iron-sulfur world.Many alternative abiogenesis scenarios have been proposed by scientists in a variety of fields from the 1950s onwards in an attempt to explain how the complex mechanisms of life could have come into existence.