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While the origin of this test is unclear, it is best attested to in 20th-century black culture. During the time when African Americans were forced into slavery, slave owners would use the "paper bag test", which compared their skin color to a paper bag, to distinguish whether their complexion was too dark to work inside the house. [ 82 ]
Iron metallurgy in Africa concerns the origin and development of ferrous metallurgy on the African continent.Whereas the development of iron metallurgy in North Africa and the Horn closely mirrors that of the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean region, the three-age system is ill-suited to Sub-Saharan Africa, where copper metallurgy generally does not precede iron working. [1]
In East Africa, the rise of the Swahili Coast trading states facilitated the exchange of iron goods and metallurgical knowledge with the broader Indian Ocean world. [11] The Great Lakes region, particularly in modern-day Uganda and Rwanda, became known for its high-quality iron production, which supported both local agriculture and regional trade.
Coloured terminology is occasionally found in Graeco-Roman ethnography [2] [3] and other ancient and medieval sources, but these societies did not have any notion of a white or pan-European race. [4] In Graeco-Roman society whiteness was a somatic norm , although this norm could be rejected and it did not coincide with any system of ...
Wooden maternity figure with elaborate scarification from Ndemba, Lulua Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Scarification in Africa is a major aspect of African cultures and cultural practice among African ethnic groups; the practice of scarification in Africa includes the process of making "superficial incisions on the skin using stones, glass, knives, or other tools to create ...
They have been dated to the 14th century BC, belonging to the period of Siwa culture, suggesting an independent Chinese origin. One of the fragments was made of bloomery iron rather than meteoritic iron. [37] [38] The earliest iron artifacts made from bloomeries in China date to end of the 9th century BC. [39]
Glass as a bead material proved particularly suitable for exportation to Sub-Saharan Africa due to its durable quality and its extremely portable nature. [5] While we know that millions of glass beads have made their way through the African continent, the identification of origin and relative date is often difficult to determine.
Stone sculpture of the Bura culture, Niger. The Bura culture (Bura system) refers to a set of archeological sites in the lower Niger River valley of Niger and Burkina Faso.More specifically, the Iron Age civilization exemplified by the Bura culture was centered in the southwest portion of modern-day Niger and in the southeast part of contemporary Burkina Faso (formerly known as Upper Volta).