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Newton's third law relates to a more fundamental principle, the conservation of momentum. The latter remains true even in cases where Newton's statement does not, for instance when force fields as well as material bodies carry momentum, and when momentum is defined properly, in quantum mechanics as well.
(Newton's later first law of motion is to similar effect, Law 1 in the Principia.) 3: Forces combine by a parallelogram rule. Newton treats them in effect as we now treat vectors. This point reappears in Corollaries 1 and 2 to the third law of motion, Law 3 in the Principia.
One problem frequently observed by physics educators is that students tend to apply Newton's third law to pairs of 'equal and opposite' forces acting on the same object. [5] [6] [7] This is incorrect; the third law refers to forces on two different objects. In contrast, a book lying on a table is subject to a downward gravitational force ...
Newton's laws of motion; ... Kepler's laws of planetary motion ; General relativity; Special relativity; Quantum mechanics This page was last edited on 3 June ...
Traditionally, thermodynamics has recognized three fundamental laws, simply named by an ordinal identification, the first law, the second law, and the third law. [1] [2] [3] A more fundamental statement was later labelled as the zeroth law after the first three laws had been established.
With the development of statistical mechanics, the third law of thermodynamics (like the other laws) changed from a fundamental law (justified by experiments) to a derived law (derived from even more basic laws). The basic law from which it is primarily derived is the statistical-mechanics definition of entropy for a large system:
It was also here that Clarke wrote about the third law in these words: "As three laws were good enough for Newton, I have modestly decided to stop there". The third law is the best known and most widely cited. It was published in a 1968 letter to Science magazine [5] and eventually added to the 1973 revision of the "Hazards of Prophecy" essay. [6]
Third law may refer to: Newton's third law of motion, one of Newton's laws of motion; Third law of thermodynamics; Kepler's Third law of planetary motion; Mendel's third law, or the Law of Dominance; Third Law, 2016 album by Roly Porter