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Gas stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship (ratio) between reactants and products in a chemical reaction with reactions that produce gases. Gas stoichiometry applies when the gases produced are assumed to be ideal, and the temperature, pressure, and volume of the gases are all known. The ideal gas law is used for these calculations.
Lean-burn refers to the burning of fuel with an excess of air in an internal combustion engine.In lean-burn engines the air–fuel ratio may be as lean as 65:1 (by mass). ). The air / fuel ratio needed to stoichiometrically combust gasoline, by contrast, is 14.
Air–fuel equivalence ratio, λ (lambda), is the ratio of actual AFR to stoichiometry for a given mixture. λ = 1.0 is at stoichiometry, rich mixtures λ < 1.0, and lean mixtures λ > 1.0. There is a direct relationship between λ and AFR. To calculate AFR from a given λ, multiply the measured λ by the stoichiometric AFR for that fuel.
Commercial selective catalytic reduction systems are typically found on large utility boilers, industrial boilers, and municipal solid waste boilers and have been shown to reduce NO x by 70-95%. [1] More recent applications include diesel engines, such as those found on large ships, diesel locomotives, gas turbines, and automobiles.
Amable Liñán introduced a modified mixture fraction in 1991 [6] [7] that is appropriate for systems where the fuel and oxidizer have different Lewis numbers. If L e F {\displaystyle Le_{F}} and L e O 2 {\displaystyle Le_{O_{2}}} are the Lewis number of the fuel and oxidizer, respectively, then Liñán's mixture fraction is defined as
Methanol fuel is an alternative biofuel for internal combustion and other engines, either in combination with gasoline or independently. Methanol (CH 3 OH) is less expensive to sustainably produce than ethanol fuel, although it is more toxic than ethanol and has a lower energy density than gasoline.
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Gasoline direct injection (GDI), also known as petrol direct injection (PDI), [1] is a mixture formation system for internal combustion engines that run on gasoline (petrol), where fuel is injected into the combustion chamber.