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Usually occurs after age 50, but deterioration in hearing has been found to start very early, from about the age of 18 years. The ISO standard 7029 shows expected threshold changes due purely to age for carefully screened populations (i.e. excluding those with ear disease, noise exposure etc.), based on a meta-analysis of published data.
The association between hearing loss and cognitive decline has been studied in various research settings. Despite the variability in study design and protocols, the majority of these studies have found consistent association between age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline, cognitive impairment, and dementia. [32]
Hearing loss may have many different causes, but among those with tinnitus, the major cause is cochlear injury. [36] In many cases no underlying cause is identified. [2] [38] Ototoxic drugs also may cause subjective tinnitus, as they may cause hearing loss, [15] or increase the damage done by exposure to loud noise. [39]
The researchers looked at 181 potential risk factors, and then estimated how likely they are to predict dementia and cognitive impairment for people two, four, and 20 years after they turn 60.
Sound intensity (sound energy or propensity to cause damage to the ears) increases dramatically with proximity according to an inverse square law: halving the distance to the sound quadruples the sound intensity. In the US, 12.5% of children aged 6–19 years have permanent hearing damage from excessive noise exposure. [15]
Though the pathophysiology of tinnitus is not known, noise exposure can be a contributing factor, therefore tinnitus can be associated with hearing loss, generated by the cochlea and central nervous system (CNS). High frequency hearing loss causes a high pitched tinnitus and low frequency hearing loss causes a roaring tinnitus. [19]
Screening for cognitive impairment in those over the age of 65 without symptoms is of unclear benefit versus harm as of 2020. [6] In a large population-based cohort study included 579,710 66-year-old adults who were followed for a total of 3,870,293 person-years (average 6.68 ± 1.33 years per person), subjective cognitive decline was significantly associated with an increased risk of ...
Some over-the-counter as well as prescription drugs and certain industrial chemicals are ototoxic. Exposure to these can result in temporary or permanent hearing loss. Some medications cause irreversible damage to the ear, and are limited in their use for this reason. The most important group is the aminoglycosides (main member gentamicin). A ...