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The presentation of oral melanoma can vary; some could be asymptomatic pigmented areas, whilst others could be rapidly growing areas of ulceration with symptoms such as, bone destruction, pain and bleeding. To stage oral melanoma, the TNM clinical staging system is used. This stands for 'Tumor – Nodes – Metastasis'.
Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is a benign, ulcerative lesion, usually located towards the back of the hard palate. It is thought to be caused by ischemic necrosis (death of tissue due to lack of blood supply) of minor salivary glands in response to trauma. Often painless, the condition is self-limiting and should heal in 6–10 weeks.
Leukoedema lesions disappear when the mucosa is stretched, which helps to differentiate it from other white lesions in the mouth. [2] The differential diagnosis is with leukoplakia , oral candidiasis , oral lichen planus , white sponge nevus , morsicatio buccarum , [ 3 ] hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis and dyskeratosis congenita.
Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a rare type of aggressive cancer that arises from the salivary glands. [1] It is predominantly seen in men and, generally, has a poor prognosis. [2] Other high grade carcinomas can mimic SDC. About 40-60% of SDC arise in pleomorphic adenomas. [3] Most, if not all, SDCs express androgen receptor by ...
Verruciform xanthoma is an uncommon benign [1] lesion that has a verruciform (wart-like) appearance, but it may appear polypoid, papillomatous, or sessile. [ 2 ] : 535 The verruciform was first described by Shafer in 1971 on the oral mucosa. [ 3 ]
The oral cavity contains over 500 different microorganisms. It is very hard to distinguish exactly which periodontal pathogen is causing the breakdown of tissues and bone. As such, the initial lesion is said to merely reflect "enhanced levels of activity" of host response mechanisms "normally operative within the gingival tissues." [15] [17] [18]
Oral hairy leukoplakia (seen in people with immunosuppression, caused by Epstein–Barr virus) Oral candidiasis can affect the tongue. Risk factors for oral candidiasis include antibiotic and corticosteroid use, and immunodeficiency (e.g. HIV), [5] or diabetes mellitus).