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Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
Mathematically, linear least squares is the problem of approximately solving an overdetermined system of linear equations A x = b, where b is not an element of the column space of the matrix A. The approximate solution is realized as an exact solution to A x = b', where b' is the projection of b onto the column space of A. The best ...
It can therefore be important that considerations of computation efficiency for such problems extend to all of the auxiliary quantities required for such analyses, and are not restricted to the formal solution of the linear least squares problem. Matrix calculations, like any other, are affected by rounding errors. An early summary of these ...
In constrained least squares one solves a linear least squares problem with an additional constraint on the solution. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This means, the unconstrained equation X β = y {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} {\boldsymbol {\beta }}=\mathbf {y} } must be fit as closely as possible (in the least squares sense) while ensuring that some other property ...
Problem solving: the cultivation of mathematical ingenuity, creativity, and heuristic thinking by setting students open-ended, unusual, and sometimes unsolved problems. The problems can range from simple word problems to problems from international mathematics competitions such as the International Mathematical Olympiad. Problem-solving is used ...
The Arnoldi process also constructs ~, an (+)-by-upper Hessenberg matrix which satisfies = + ~ an equality which is used to simplify the calculation of (see § Solving the least squares problem). Note that, for symmetric matrices, a symmetric tri-diagonal matrix is actually achieved, resulting in the MINRES method.
IRLS is used to find the maximum likelihood estimates of a generalized linear model, and in robust regression to find an M-estimator, as a way of mitigating the influence of outliers in an otherwise normally-distributed data set, for example, by minimizing the least absolute errors rather than the least square errors.
In mathematics, least squares function approximation applies the principle of least squares to function approximation, by means of a weighted sum of other functions.The best approximation can be defined as that which minimizes the difference between the original function and the approximation; for a least-squares approach the quality of the approximation is measured in terms of the squared ...