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Bleach is the generic name for any chemical product that is used industrially or domestically to remove color from (i.e. to whiten) fabric or fiber (in a process called bleaching) or to disinfect after cleaning.
Household bleach and pool chlorinator solutions are typically stabilized by a significant concentration of lye (caustic soda, NaOH) as part of the manufacturing reaction. This additive will by itself cause caustic irritation or burns due to defatting and saponification of skin oils and destruction of tissue.
In chemistry, hypochlorite, or chloroxide is an oxyanion with the chemical formula ClO −. It combines with a number of cations to form hypochlorite salts. Common examples include sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) and calcium hypochlorite (a component of bleaching powder, swimming pool "chlorine"). [1] The Cl-O distance in ClO − is 1.69 ...
Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO 2 that exists as yellowish-green gas above 11 °C, a reddish-brown liquid between 11 °C and −59 °C, and as bright orange crystals below −59 °C. It is usually handled as an aqueous solution. It is commonly used as a bleach.
For example, the label of a household bleach product may specify "5% sodium hypochlorite by weight." That would mean that 1 kilogram of the product contains 0.05 × 1000 g = 50 g of NaClO. A typical oxidation reaction is the conversion of iodide I − to elemental iodine I 2. The relevant reactions are NaClO + 2 H + + 2 I − → NaCl + H 2 O ...
Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations, which symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions. Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration. Some reactions produce heat and are called ...
Detergents. A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in dilute solutions. [1] There are a large variety of detergents. A common family is the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble than soap in hard water, because the polar sulfonate is less likely than the polar carboxylate of soap to bind to calcium and other ...
The reaction has to be carried out in a slightly alkaline medium (pH 8.5–11). The acting chlorinating agent in this reaction is hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which has to be generated by protonation of hypochlorite, and then reacts in a nucleophilic substitution of the hydroxyl against the amino group. The reaction occurs quickest at around pH 8.