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The macrophage's main role is to phagocytize bacteria and damaged tissue, [64] and they also debride damaged tissue by releasing proteases. [69] Macrophages also secrete a number of factors such as growth factors and other cytokines, especially during the third and fourth post-wound days.
Micrograph of carbon-laden macrophages in the lung, H&E stain Micrograph of an alveolar macrophage in the lung tissue showing the nucleus and other organelles including the Golgi body and mitochondria. Alveolar macrophages are phagocytes that play a critical role in homeostasis, host defense, and tissue remodeling. [7]
The anatomy of human skin. Dermal macrophages are usually present in the dermis and around hair follicles. Dermal macrophages are macrophages in the skin that facilitate skin homeostasis by mediating wound repair, hair growth, and salt balance. [1] Their functional role in these processes is the mediator of inflammation.
Macrophages are diffusely scattered in the connective tissue and in liver (Kupffer cells), spleen and lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes), lungs (alveolar macrophages), and central nervous system (microglia). The half-life of blood monocytes is about 1 day, whereas the life span of tissue macrophages is several months or years.
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.
A macrophage's location can determine its size and appearance. Macrophages cause inflammation through the production of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and TNF-alpha. [75] Macrophages are usually only found in tissue and are rarely seen in blood circulation. The life-span of tissue macrophages has been estimated to range from four to fifteen days ...
Macrophages can be stimulated by T cell secretion of interferon. [9] After this activation, macrophages are able to express MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules, including the B7 complex and can present phagocytosed peptide fragments to helper T cells. [7] [8] Activation can assist pathogen-infected macrophages in clearing the infection. [10]
M1 macrophages are known as pro-inflammatory, (secreting cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF- α, and IFN-γ) playing a crucial role in pathogen phagocytosis and cell debris clearance and molecules that promote inflammation in comparison with M2 macrophages (anti-inflammatory macrophages secreting IL-10 and VEGF) [1] that inhibit inflammation and ...