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Sporogenesis is the production of spores in biology. The term is also used to refer to the process of reproduction via spores. Reproductive spores were found to be formed in eukaryotic organisms, such as plants, algae and fungi, during their normal reproductive life cycle. Dormant spores are formed, for example by certain fungi and algae ...
Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of fungi, ferns, bacteria, and the growth of the pollen tube from the pollen grain of a seed plant.
The interaction between the style and the pollen detects compatibility and influences growth rate of the pollen tube. [7] This selection process relies on gene level regulation in which gene loci of the gynoecium allow either self-pollen to grow slowly, stop growing or burst while faster growth of outcrossed pollen occurs. Self-incompatibility ...
The pollination process as an interaction between flower and pollen vector was first addressed in the 18th century by Christian Konrad Sprengel. It is important in horticulture and agriculture, because fruiting is dependent on fertilisation: the result of pollination. The study of pollination by insects is known as anthecology.
Pollen in plants is used for transferring haploid male genetic material from the anther of a single flower to the stigma of another in cross-pollination. [2] In a case of self-pollination, this process takes place from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower. [2] Pollen is infrequently used as food and food supplement. Because ...
Earlier pollen researchers include Früh (1885), [16] who enumerated many common tree pollen types, and a considerable number of spores and herb pollen grains. There is a study of pollen samples taken from sediments of Swedish lakes by Trybom (1888); [17] pine and spruce pollen was found in such profusion that he considered them to be ...
Like all seed plants, they are heterosporous, having two spore types, microspores (male) and megaspores (female) that are typically produced in pollen cones or ovulate cones, respectively. [29] The exception is the females in the cycad genus Cycas, which form a loose structure called megasporophylls instead of cones. [30]
The process of androgenesis allows a mature plant embryo to form from a reduced, or immature, pollen grain. [20] Androgenesis usually occurs under stressful conditions. [20] Embryos that result from this mechanism can germinate into fully functional plants. As mentioned, the embryo results from a single pollen grain. Pollen grains consists of ...