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If an instance in which the phenomenon under investigation occurs, and an instance in which it does not occur, have every circumstance save one in common, that one occurring only in the former; the circumstance in which alone the two instances differ, is the effect, or cause, or an indispensable part of the cause, of the phenomenon.
[10] [11] Thus, the geographic phenomena under investigation extends beyond the delineated boundary . [6] [12] [13] Different individuals, or groups may have completely different activity spaces, making an enumeration unit that is relevant for one person meaningless to another.
Phenomenography is a qualitative research methodology, within the interpretivist paradigm, that investigates the qualitatively different ways in which people experience something or think about something. [1]
The null hypothesis is the hypothesis that states that there is no relation between the phenomena whose relation is under investigation, or at least not of the form given by the alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis, as the name suggests, is the alternative to the null hypothesis: it states that there is some kind of relation.
Investigation and analysis of reported UFO incidents under the federal government of the United States has taken place under multiple branches and agencies, past and current, since 1947. In spite of decades of interest, there remains no evidence that there are any UFOs with extraordinary origins and, indeed, those identified all have been shown ...
Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena. Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, also known as the UAP Report [1] and colloquially named the Pentagon UFO Report, is a United States federally mandated assessment, prepared and published by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence on June 25, 2021, [2] summarizing information regarding unidentified aerial ...
The function is to be "smooth" (continuous and once differentiable), to be exact (() =) and to meet the user's intuitive expectations about the phenomenon under investigation. Furthermore, the function should be suitable for a computer application at a reasonable cost (nowadays, a basic implementation will probably make use of parallel resources ).
Gaussian process approximations can often be expressed in terms of assumptions on under which and can be calculated with much lower complexity. Since these assumptions are generally not believed to reflect reality, the likelihood and the best predictor obtained in this way are not exact, but they are meant to be close to their original values.