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Like any chain, the chain of survival is only as strong as its weakest link. [1] [2] The six interdependent links in the chain of survival are early recognition of sudden cardiac arrest and access to emergency medical care, [3] early CPR, early defibrillation, early advanced cardiac life support, and physical and
The history of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can be traced as far back as the literary works of ancient Egypt (c. 2686 – c. 2181 BC). [1] However, it was not until the 18th century that credible reports of cardiopulmonary resuscitation began to appear in the medical literature.
Survival rates: In US hospitals in 2017, 26% of patients who received CPR survived to hospital discharge. [ 98 ] : e381, e390 [ 99 ] In 2017 in the US, outside hospitals, 16% of people whose cardiac arrest was witnessed survived to hospital discharge.
Rates of survival are better in those who had someone witness their collapse, received bystander CPR, and/or had either V-fib or V-tach when assessed. [145] Survival among those with V-fib or V-tach is 15 to 23%. [145] Women are more likely to survive cardiac arrest and leave the hospital than men. [146]
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Chain of survival. The American Heart Association highlights the most important steps of BLS in a "five-link chain of survival." [11] The chain of survival includes early recognition of an ongoing emergency, early initiation of CPR by a bystander, early use of a defibrillator, and early advanced life support once more qualified medical help ...
The decrease in the rate of injury can be approximated by the Q 10 rule, which states that the rate of biochemical reactions decreases by a factor of two for every 10 °C reduction in temperature. As a result, humans can sometimes survive periods of clinical death exceeding one hour at temperatures below 20 °C. [ 20 ]
Research shows that CPR survival is the same as the average CPR survival rate, or nearly so, for patients with multiple chronic illnesses, [16] [17] or diabetes, heart or lung diseases. [18] Survival is about half as good as the average rate, for patients with kidney or liver disease, [18] or widespread cancer [18] [19] or infection. [18]
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