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In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a periodic graph with respect to an operator F on graphs is one for which there exists an integer n > 0 such that F n (G) is isomorphic to G. [1] For example, every graph is periodic with respect to the complementation operator , whereas only complete graphs are periodic with respect to the operator ...
The cube of every connected graph necessarily contains a Hamiltonian cycle. [10] It is not necessarily the case that the square of a connected graph is Hamiltonian, and it is NP-complete to determine whether the square is Hamiltonian. [11] Nevertheless, by Fleischner's theorem, the square of a 2-vertex-connected graph is always Hamiltonian. [12]
[1] [2] A Euclidean graph is uniformly discrete if there is a minimal distance between any two vertices. Periodic graphs are closely related to tessellations of space (or honeycombs) and the geometry of their symmetry groups, hence to geometric group theory, as well as to discrete geometry and the theory of polytopes, and similar areas.
Taking the square root of both sides and expanding using the binomial theorem yields the formula = (+) Multiplying by the period T of one revolution gives the precession of the orbit per revolution = () = where we have used ω φ T = 2 π and the definition of the length-scale a.
An aperiodic graph. The cycles in this graph have lengths 5 and 6; therefore, there is no k > 1 that divides all cycle lengths. A strongly connected graph with period three. In the mathematical area of graph theory, a directed graph is said to be aperiodic if there is no integer k > 1 that divides the length of every cycle of the graph.
Spectral graph theory is the branch of graph theory that uses spectra to analyze graphs. See also spectral expansion. split 1. A split graph is a graph whose vertices can be partitioned into a clique and an independent set. A related class of graphs, the double split graphs, are used in the proof of the strong perfect graph theorem.
A common type of lattice graph (known under different names, such as grid graph or square grid graph) is the graph whose vertices correspond to the points in the plane with integer coordinates, x-coordinates being in the range 1, ..., n, y-coordinates being in the range 1, ..., m, and two vertices being connected by an edge whenever the corresponding points are at distance 1.
The sentence described above has length proportional to the square of the number of vertices, but it is possible to define any graph by a sentence with length proportional to its number of edges. [17] All trees, and most graphs, can be described by first-order sentences with only two variables, but extended by counting predicates.
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