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Sectoral balances using CBO data. Their method defines the balances as: A) Federal budget balance; B) Current Account (multiplied by -1 in the diagram); and C) Nonfederal Domestic Balance, representing mainly private sector net savings and the state and local government sector balance. The equation A+B+C=0 must hold by definition. [6]
The Census of Governments for 2017 shows $3.7 trillion total of state ($2.3) and local ($1.9) government expenditures. The total is less than the parts, to exclude duplicative inter-governmental transactions. The data are available for detailed categories of revenue and expenditure for each state, and for the total of local governments in each ...
Statistical finance [1] is the application of econophysics [2] to financial markets. Instead of the normative roots of finance , it uses a positivist framework. It includes exemplars from statistical physics with an emphasis on emergent or collective properties of financial markets.
"The financial balance of the private sector shifted towards surplus by the almost unbelievable cumulative total of 11.2 per cent of gross domestic product between the third quarter of 2007 and the second quarter of 2009, which was when the financial deficit of US government (federal and state) reached its peak...No fiscal policy changes ...
The government sector consists of the economic activities of local, state and federal governments. Flows from households and firms to government are in the form of taxes. The income the government receives flows to firms and households in the form of subsidies, transfers, and purchases of goods and services.
Public Finance in Theory and Practice, McGraw-Hill. Richard A. Musgrave and Alan T. Peacock, ed. ([1958] 1994). Classics in the Theory of Public Finance, Palgrave Macmillan. Description and contents. Edwin J. Perkins, American public finance and financial services, 1700-1815 (1994) pp 324–48. Complete text line free; Joseph E. Stiglitz (2000).
In mathematical finance, the asset S t that underlies a financial derivative is typically assumed to follow a stochastic differential equation of the form = +, under the risk neutral measure, where is the instantaneous risk free rate, giving an average local direction to the dynamics, and is a Wiener process, representing the inflow of randomness into the dynamics.
The marginal cost of public funds (MCF) is a concept in public finance which measures the loss incurred by society in raising less revenues to finance government spending due to the distortion of resource allocation caused by taxation. [1]