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Some of the oldest methods of telecommunications implicitly use many of the ideas that would later be quantified in information theory. Modern telegraphy, starting in the 1830s, used Morse code, in which more common letters (like "E", which is expressed as one "dot") are transmitted more quickly than less common letters (like "J", which is expressed by one "dot" followed by three "dashes").
In this context, either an information-theoretical measure, such as functional clusters (Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi's functional clustering model and dynamic core hypothesis (DCH) [47]) or effective information (Tononi's integrated information theory (IIT) of consciousness [48] [49] [50]), is defined (on the basis of a reentrant process ...
1929 – Leó Szilárd analyses Maxwell's demon, showing how a Szilard engine can sometimes transform information into the extraction of useful work; 1940 – Alan Turing introduces the deciban as a measure of information inferred about the German Enigma machine cypher settings by the Banburismus process
During the Information Revolution all these activities are experiencing continuous growth, while other information-oriented activities are emerging. Information is the central theme of several new sciences, which emerged in the 1940s, including Shannon's (1949) Information Theory [79] and Wiener's (1948) Cybernetics. Wiener stated: "information ...
Information theory is the ... Willis expressed the view that sound management of business records and information ... The Information: A History, a Theory, a ...
Organizational Information Theory (OIT) is a communication theory, developed by Karl Weick, offering systemic insight into the processing and exchange of information within organizations and among its members. Unlike the past structure-centered theory, OIT focuses on the process of organizing in dynamic, information-rich environments.
Information technology (IT) is a set of related fields within information and communications technology (ICT), that encompass computer systems, software, programming languages, data and information processing, and storage. [1] Information technology is an application of computer science and computer engineering.
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. - management, Pulitzer Prize for The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (1977) Clayton M. Christensen; Alexander Hamilton Church - industrial management (1900s–1910s) C. West Churchman; Stewart Clegg; Ronald Coase - transaction costs, Coase theorem, theory of the firm (1950s) (Nobel Prize in 1991)