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Flavius Josephus (c. 37–100 CE), the Romanized Jewish historian, describes Antigonus II Mattathias (c. 63–37 BCE) denigrating Herod—whose father's family were Idumean Arabs forcibly converted to Judaism by John Hyrcanus [68] and whose mother, according to Josephus, was non-Jewish (either an Idumean Arab [69] or Arabian (Nabatean-Arab) [70 ...
Conservative Judaism – Around 300 women rabbis are associated with Conservative Judaism worldwide: Rabbinical Assembly (USA) – as of 2010, 273 (17%) of the 1,648 members of the Rabbinical Assembly were women. [115] Conservative Judaism in Israel – as of 2016, 22 (14%) of the Israeli Masorati movement's 160 rabbi members were women. [112]
It rejects the idea that halakha is the sole legitimate form of Jewish decisionmaking, and holds that Jews must consider their conscience and ethical principles inherent in the Jewish tradition when deciding upon a right course of action. Consensus is widespread among Reform Jews that traditional distinctions between the role of men and women ...
For handling the agunah problem, the CJLS approved a Jewish marriage contract , supplanting a 1935 plan by Louis Epstein, prepared by Saul Lieberman). [7] In addition, Conservative halakha may be found in academic and popular writings, including an effort at codification (Isaac Klein's A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice).
Jewish feminism is a movement that seeks to make the religious, legal, and social status of Jewish women equal to that of Jewish men in Judaism. Feminist movements, with varying approaches and successes, have opened up within all major branches of the Jewish religion.
Womanism and Mujerista theologies have influenced scholars such as Rabbi Donna Berman, whose dissertation, Nashiut Ethics: Articulating a Jewish Feminist Ethics of Safekeeping, describes a new ethical approach to Jewish feminism. Nashiut Ethics is a form of Jewish Feminist Ethics that Berman develops that focuses not on Torah or halakhah, which ...
Reform Judaism approaches such ceremonies differently, with seating at the ceremony and reception generally gender neutral. Some communities have replaced gendered bar and bat mitzvahs with gender neutral confirmations ceremonies, in which all those of age at Shabuoth are initiated together, some still practise confirmation along with bar and ...
A matriarchal religion is a religion that emphasizes a goddess or multiple goddesses as central figures of worship and spiritual authority. The term is most often used to refer to theories of prehistoric matriarchal religions that were proposed by scholars such as Johann Jakob Bachofen , Jane Ellen Harrison , and Marija Gimbutas , and later ...