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Copper concentrate is traded either via spot contracts or under long term contracts as an intermediate product in its own right. Often the smelter sells the copper metal itself on behalf of the miner. The miner is paid the price at the time that the smelter-refiner makes the sale, not at the price on the date of delivery of the concentrate.
Copper smelter, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia Electrolytic cells at an aluminum smelter in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, France Smelting involves more than just melting the metal out of its ore. Most ores are the chemical compound of the metal and other elements, such as oxygen (as an oxide ), sulfur (as a sulfide ), or carbon and oxygen together (as a ...
Smelters such as the Great Cobar mine were struggling to achieve economic operation, as early as 1912, despite buoyant copper prices. [27] Smelting of low-grade copper ore at the mine site was largely superseded by a process consisting of copper ore concentration, especially using froth flotation, and smelting of ore concentrates.
The rock with higher copper content was smelter ore, also called direct shipping ore, and required no treatment before going to the smelter. The rock with less copper was called milling ore, or concentrating ore, and required crushing and separation of ore minerals from the waste rock to produce copper concentrate, which was sent to the smelter.
This is a List of countries by copper smelter production for 2020, figures are for primary copper production. [1] In 2020, world copper smelter production was 17.8 million tonnes. The top 10 countries accounted for 70% of the total production.
Michigan Smelter - Located west of Houghton near Cole's Creek on the Keweenaw waterway. Quincy Smelter - Located east of Hancock in Ripley on the Keweenaw Waterway; Tamarack/Osceola Smelter - In Dollar Bay; White Pine mine smelter - Was mostly closed in 1982 but continued to process copper and scrap material until 1984 [1]
Reconstruction of Ötzi's copper axe (c. 3300 BCE). The Copper Age, also called the Eneolithic or the Chalcolithic Age, has been traditionally understood as a transitional period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, in which a gradual introduction of the metal (native copper) took place, while stone was still the main resource utilized.
Copper smelting is also documented at this site at about the same time period (soon after 6000 BC). However, the use of lead seems to precede copper smelting. [13] Early metallurgy is also documented at the nearby site of Tell Maghzaliyah, which seems to be dated even earlier, and completely lacks pottery.
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