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General reaction scheme for the S N 1 reaction. The leaving group is denoted "X", and the nucleophile is denoted "Nu–H". The unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S N 1) reaction is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry.
Walden inversion is the inversion of a stereogenic center in a chiral molecule in a chemical reaction. Since a molecule can form two enantiomers around a stereogenic center, the Walden inversion converts the configuration of the molecule from one enantiomeric form to the other.
While the idea of dorsoventral axis inversion appears to be supported by morphological and molecular data, others have proposed alternative plausible hypotheses (reviewed in Gerhart 2000). [1] One assumption of the inversion hypothesis is that the common ancestor of protostomes and chordates already possessed an organized central nervous system ...
AP site reactivity. AP sites are extremely reactive. They fluctuate between a furanose ring and an open-chain free aldehyde and free alcohol conformation. Exposure to a nucleophile can cause a β-elimination reaction, wherein the 3' phosphoester bond is broken, causing a single-stranded break. This reaction can be catalyzed by AP lyase. [2]
Streptococcus is a genus of gram-positive or spherical bacteria that belongs to the family Streptococcaceae, within the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria), in the phylum Bacillota. [2] Cell division in streptococci occurs along a single axis , thus when growing they tend to form pairs or chains, which may appear bent or twisted.
Molecular inversion probe technique has been used in studying childhood brain tumors, the most common solid pediatric cancer and the leading cause of pediatric cancer mortality. Despite their high prevalence, little is known about the genetic events that contribute to the development and progression of pediatric gliomas .
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In 1903, Nikolai K. Koltsov proposed that the shape of cells was determined by a network of tubules that he termed the cytoskeleton. The concept of a protein mosaic that dynamically coordinated cytoplasmic biochemistry was proposed by Rudolph Peters in 1929 [12] while the term (cytosquelette, in French) was first introduced by French embryologist Paul Wintrebert in 1931.