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The following have been identified as risk factors for placenta previa: Previous placenta previa (recurrence rate 4–8%), [13] caesarean delivery, [14] myomectomy [10] or endometrium damage caused by D&C. [13] Women who are younger than 20 are at higher risk and women older than 35 are at increasing risk as they get older.
Diagnosis is made retrospectively by finding an organized blood clot or a depressed area on a delivered placenta. Class 1: Mild and represents approximately 48% of all cases. Characteristics include the following: No vaginal bleeding to mild vaginal bleeding; Slightly tender uterus; Normal maternal blood pressure and heart rate; No coagulopathy
Pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached, uterine atony, placenta previa, connective tissue disorders [1] Diagnostic method: Seeing the inside of the uterus in the vagina [2] Differential diagnosis: Uterine fibroid, uterine atony, bleeding disorder, retained placenta [1] Treatment
It is used to differentiate whether the blood coming out of vagina is of the mother or fetus during delivery i.e, placenta previa versus vasa previa. It is based on the principle that fetal HbF is resistant to acids and alkali whereas the mother's blood which has HbA is sensitive to acid and alkaline.
Placenta praevia refers to when the placenta of a growing foetus is attached abnormally low within the uterus. Intermittent antepartum haemorrhaging occurs in 72% of women living with placenta praevia. [6] The severity of a patient's placenta praevia depends on the location of placental attachment;
Besides placenta previa and placental abruption, uterine rupture can occur, which is a very serious condition leading to internal or external bleeding. Bleeding from the fetus is rare, but may occur with two conditions called vasa previa and velamentous umbilical cord insertion where the fetal blood vessels lie near the placental insertion site unprotected by Wharton's jelly of the cord. [11]
The differential diagnosis depends on whether the bleeding occurs in the first trimester or in the second or third trimesters. Obstetric causes of first trimester bleeding include the following: Early pregnancy loss is a term often used interchangeably with spontaneous abortion and miscarriage and refers to pregnancy loss during the first ...
Ischemic placental disease leads to the attachment of the placenta to the uterine wall to become under-perfused, causing uteroplacental ischemia. Where the term overarches the pathology associated with preeclampsia , placental abruptions and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). [ 3 ]