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In some areas electrical resistance heating is used, especially where the cost of electricity is low or the primary purpose is for air conditioning. Modern high-efficiency furnaces can be up to 98% efficient and operate without a chimney, with a typical gas furnace being about 80% efficient. [1]
DOE estimates that this efficiency improvement, and the resulting lower gas bills, would save consumers $1.9 billion annually — or $500 over the lifetime of each new furnace.
The higher the HSPF rating of a unit, the more energy efficient it is. An electrical resistance heater, which is not considered efficient, has an HSPF of 3.41. [3] Depending on the system, an HSPF ≥ 9 can be considered high efficiency and worthy of a US Energy Tax Credit. [4]
The efficiency of a heating system is typically measured by its AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency) rating. Higher AFUE ratings indicate a more efficient furnace. [ 5 ] Environmental impacts are a concern with heating systems, especially those that burn fossil fuels.
With losses in efficiency, an ASHP can even provide full central heating with a flow temperature up to 80 °C (176 °F). [2] As of 2023 about 10% of building heating worldwide is from ASHPs. They are the main way to phase out gas boilers (also known as "furnaces") from houses, to avoid their greenhouse gas emissions. [3]
A drawback is the installation cost, which can be slightly higher than traditional HVAC systems. Energy efficiency can be improved even more in central heating systems by introducing zoned heating. This allows a more granular application of heat, similar to non-central heating systems. Zones are controlled by multiple thermostats.
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