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  2. Measurement of biodiversity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_of_biodiversity

    A variety of objective means exist to empirically measure biodiversity. Each measure relates to a particular use of the data, and is likely to be associated with the variety of genes. Biodiversity is commonly measured in terms of taxonomic richness of a geographic area over a time interval. In order to calculate biodiversity, species evenness ...

  3. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudinal_gradients_in...

    Species richness, or biodiversity, increases from the poles to the tropics for a wide variety of terrestrial and marine organisms, often referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient. [1] The latitudinal diversity gradient is one of the most widely recognized patterns in ecology. [1] It has been observed to varying degrees in Earth's past. [2]

  4. Biodiversity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity

    Regional biodiversity includes habitats and ecosystems that synergizes and either overlaps or differs on a regional scale. National biodiversity within a country determines the ability for a country to thrive according to its habitats and ecosystems on a national scale.

  5. Landscape ecology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology

    Pattern is the term for the contents and internal order of a heterogeneous area of land. [17] A landscape with structure and pattern implies that it has spatial heterogeneity, or the uneven distribution of objects across the landscape. [6] Heterogeneity is a key element of landscape ecology that separates this discipline from other branches of ...

  6. Ecosystem diversity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_diversity

    Ecosystem diversity addresses the combined characteristics of biotic properties which are living organisms (biodiversity) and abiotic properties such as nonliving things like water or soil (geodiversity). It is a variation in the ecosystems found in a region or the variation in ecosystems over the whole planet.

  7. Unified neutral theory of biodiversity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_neutral_theory_of...

    Hubbell built on earlier neutral models, including Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson's theory of island biogeography [1] and Stephen Jay Gould's concepts of symmetry and null models. [7] An "ecological community" is a group of trophically similar, sympatric species that actually or potentially compete in a local area for the same or similar ...

  8. Beta diversity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_diversity

    Consequently, some macroecological and community patterns cannot be fully expressed by alpha and beta diversity. Due to these two reasons, a new way of measuring species turnover, coined Zeta diversity (ζ-diversity), [ 12 ] has been proposed and used to connect all existing incidence-based biodiversity patterns.

  9. Rarefaction (ecology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarefaction_(ecology)

    The technique of rarefaction was developed in 1968 by Howard Sanders in a biodiversity assay of marine benthic ecosystems, as he sought a model for diversity that would allow him to compare species richness data among sets with different sample sizes; he developed rarefaction curves as a method to compare the shape of a curve rather than absolute numbers of species.

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