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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
A year after quitting, the risk of contracting heart disease is half that of a continuing smoker. [30] The health risks of smoking are not uniform across all smokers. Risks vary according to the amount of tobacco smoked, with those who smoke more at greater risk. Smoking so-called "light" cigarettes does not reduce the risk. [31]
Preterm birth, defined as birth at less than 37 weeks of gestation, is a major basis of infant mortality throughout childhood. Exposures to environmental toxins such as lead, tobacco smoke, and DDT have been linked with an increased risk for spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, or preterm birth. [3]
Smoking tobacco is among the leading causes of many diseases such as lung cancer, heart attack, COPD, erectile dysfunction, and birth defects. [1] Diseases related to tobacco smoking have been shown to kill approximately half of long-term smokers when compared to average mortality rates faced by non-smokers.
Overall increased risk of death in both adults, where it was estimated to kill 53,000 nonsmokers per year in the U.S in 1991, [53] [54] and in children. [55] The World Health Organization states that passive smoking causes about 600,000 deaths a year, and about 1% of the global burden of disease. [56]
The health effects of tobacco had been debated by users, medical experts, and governments alike since its introduction to European culture. [1] Hard evidence for the ill effects of smoking became apparent with the results of several long-term studies conducted in the early to middle twentieth century, such as the epidemiology studies of Richard Doll and pathology studies of Oscar Auerbach.
The study found that in late 2022, of the deaths for which a method was identified, 23% of the deaths occurred after smoking, 16% after injections, 16% after snorting, and 14.5% after swallowing.
Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable death and a global public health concern. [86] There are 1.3 billion tobacco users in the world, as per latest data from WHO. [17] One person dies every six seconds from a tobacco related disease. [87] Common adverse effects of tobacco smoking. The more common effects are in bold face. [88]