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Deadly force, also known as lethal force, is the use of force that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death to another person. In most jurisdictions, the use of deadly force is justified only under conditions of extreme necessity as a last resort , when all lesser means have failed or cannot reasonably be employed.
Post-strike bomb damage assessment photograph of Obrva Airfield, Serbia used in a Pentagon press briefing, May 5, 1999. A legitimate military target is an object, structure, individual, or entity that is considered to be a valid target for attack by belligerent forces according to the law of war during an armed conflict.
Nonetheless, there are some early examples of what would today be considered civil defense. For example, as early as 1692, the village of Bedford, New York, kept on staff a drummer, whose responsibility was to sound the town drum in the event of a Native American attack—a very early precursor to the wailing sirens of the Cold War. [1]
[10] [11] Early attempts to protect civilians as a class were largely unsuccessful. World War II was also fought within the framework of the total war concept. [12] The Geneva Conventions of 1949 were the first significant protections for civilians in war. These protections were expanded by the Additional Protocols in 1977.
Force protection (FP) is the concept of protecting military personnel, family members, civilians, facilities, equipment and operations from threats or hazards in order to preserve operational effectiveness and contribute to mission success. [1] [2] [3] It is used as a doctrine by members of NATO. [3]
Civil Defense literature, such as Survival Under Atomic Attack, was common during the Cold War Era. Perhaps the most memorable aspect of the Cold War civil defense effort was the educational effort made or promoted by the government. [16] In Duck and Cover, Bert the Turtle advocated that children "duck and cover" when they "see the flash."
A firearm is the most widely recognized lethal or deadly force weapon, however, an automobile or weapon of opportunity could also be defined as a deadly force utility. [7] [9] [10] The U.S. Navy teaches a six-step model: Officer presence, Verbal commands, Soft controls, Hard controls, Intermediate Weapons, and Lethal force.
Similarly, the use of lethal force, consistent with the laws of war, against an individual who is a legitimate military target would be lawful and would not violate the assassination ban." [ 94 ] In 2013, a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty proposed that U.S. government drone policy in Pakistan potentially violated human rights ...