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By utilizing the interaction picture, one can use time-dependent perturbation theory to find the effect of H 1,I, [15]: 355ff e.g., in the derivation of Fermi's golden rule, [15]: 359–363 or the Dyson series [15]: 355–357 in quantum field theory: in 1947, Shin'ichirÅ Tomonaga and Julian Schwinger appreciated that covariant perturbation ...
However, when the ionic strength is changed the measured equilibrium constant will also change, so there is a need to estimate individual (single ion) activity coefficients. Debye–Hückel theory provides a means to do this, but it is accurate only at very low concentrations. Hence the need for an extension to Debye–Hückel theory.
Partial equilibrium, the equilibrium price and quantity which come from the cross of supply and demand in a competitive market; Radner equilibrium, an economic concept defined by economist Roy Radner in the context of general equilibrium; Recursive competitive equilibrium, an economic equilibrium concept associated with a dynamic program
For example, if equilibrium is specified by a single chemical equation:, [24] ∑ j = 0 m ν j R j = 0 {\displaystyle \sum _{j=0}^{m}\nu _{j}R_{j}=0} where ν j is the stoichiometric coefficient for the j th molecule (negative for reactants, positive for products) and R j is the symbol for the j th molecule, a properly balanced equation will obey:
Donnan potential is the difference in the Galvani potentials [1] which appears as a result of Donnan equilibrium, named after Frederick G. Donnan, which refers to the distribution of ion species between two ionic solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane or boundary. [2]
In biochemistry, steady state refers to the maintenance of constant internal concentrations of molecules and ions in the cells and organs of living systems. [1] Living organisms remain at a dynamic steady state where their internal composition at both cellular and gross levels are relatively constant, but different from equilibrium concentrations. [1]
In chemistry, ion association is a chemical reaction whereby ions of opposite electric charge come together in solution to form a distinct chemical entity. [1] [2] Ion associates are classified, according to the number of ions that associate with each other, as ion pairs, ion triplets, etc. Ion pairs are also classified according to the nature of the interaction as contact, solvent-shared or ...
Triple points mark conditions at which three different phases can coexist. For example, the water phase diagram has a triple point corresponding to the single temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and gaseous water can coexist in a stable equilibrium (273.16 K and a partial vapor pressure of 611.657 Pa).