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Motor disorders are malfunctions of the nervous system that cause involuntary or uncontrollable movements or actions of the body. [3] These disorders can cause lack of intended movement or an excess of involuntary movement. [4] Symptoms of motor disorders include tremors, jerks, twitches, spasms, contractions, or gait problems. [citation needed]
Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity. [1] Movement disorders present with extrapyramidal symptoms and are caused by basal ganglia disease . [ 2 ]
Studies on diseases that are similar in nature to PD have revealed insights into the causes of movement disorders. Hypnogenic paroxysmal dyskinesia is a form of epilepsy affecting the frontal lobe. Single genes have been identified on chromosomes 15, 20, and 21, which contribute to the pathology of these epilepsy disorders. [4]
Dyskinesia can be anything from a slight tremor of the hands to an uncontrollable movement of the upper body or lower extremities. Discoordination can also occur internally especially with the respiratory muscles and it often goes unrecognized. [3] Dyskinesia is a symptom of several medical disorders that are distinguished by their underlying ...
Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) is an episodic movement disorder first described by Mount and Reback in 1940 under the name "Familial paroxysmal choreoathetosis". [2] It is a rare hereditary disease that affects various muscular and nervous systems in the body, passing to roughly fifty percent of the offspring.
The most common symptoms of the disease "are balance and walking difficulties, clumsiness, vision changes, speech difficulties, swallowing difficulties and sometimes having difficulty controlling ...
A movement disorder similar to PKD was first mentioned in research literature in 1940 by Mount and Reback. They described a disorder consisting of attacks of involuntary movements but unlike PKD, the attacks lasted minutes to hours and were found to be caused by alcohol or caffeine intake. [15] They named it paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis.
Some disorders, like ALS, can occur sporadically (85%) or can have a genetic cause (15%) with the same clinical symptoms and progression of disease. [6] UMNs are motor neurons that project from the cortex down to the brainstem or spinal cord. [18] LMNs originate in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and synapse on peripheral muscles. [18]