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Anglo-Saxon England or Early Medieval England covers the period from the end of Roman Britain in the 5th century until the Norman Conquest in 1066. It consisted of various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 927, when it was united as the Kingdom of England by King Æthelstan (r. 927–939).
Before the Normans arrived, Anglo-Saxon governmental systems were more sophisticated than their counterparts in Normandy. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] All of England was divided into administrative units called shires , with subdivisions; the royal court was the centre of government, and a justice system based on local and regional tribunals existed to ...
The Anglo-Normans (Norman: Anglo-Normaunds, Old English: Engel-Norðmandisca) were the medieval ruling class in the Kingdom of England following the Norman Conquest. They were primarily a combination of Normans , Bretons , Flemings , Frenchmen , indigenous Anglo-Saxons and Celtic Britons .
The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. Pollock, Frederick; Maitland, Frederic William (1895). The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. Ramsay, James H. (1925). A History of the Revenues of the Kings of England, 1066–1399. Vol. 1.
Even before the Norman Conquest, there was a strong tradition of landholding in Anglo-Saxon law.When William the Conqueror asserted sovereignty over England in 1066, he confiscated the property of the recalcitrant English landowners.
Even before the Norman Conquest of England, the Normans had come into contact with Wales. Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as Earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh. In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales.
The term pre-Conquest castles refers to the castles built in Norman style in England before the 1066 Norman conquest of England. There are only four such castles known, all of them constructed in the 11th century and now ruined.
Some Norman lords used England as a launching point for attacks into South and North Wales, spreading up the valleys to create new Marcher territories. [24] By the time of William's death in 1087, England formed the largest part of an Anglo-Norman empire, ruled over by a network of nobles with landholdings across England, Normandy, and Wales. [25]