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A prominent question in the philosophy of biology is whether biology can be reduced to lower-level sciences such as chemistry and physics. Materialism is the view that every biological system including organisms consists of nothing except the interactions of molecules; it is opposed to vitalism.
The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to Ayurveda, ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.
Spencer's second book, Principles of Psychology, published in 1855, explored a physiological basis for psychology, and was the fruit of his friendship with Evans and Lewes. The book was founded on his fundamental assumption that the human mind is subject to natural laws and that these can be discovered within the framework of general biology ...
The history of philosophy is the field of inquiry that studies the historical development of philosophical thought. It aims to provide a systematic and chronological exposition of philosophical concepts and doctrines, as well as the philosophers who conceived them and the schools of thought to which they belong.
The history and philosophy of science (HPS) is an academic discipline that encompasses the philosophy of science and the history of science. Although many scholars in the field are trained primarily as either historians or as philosophers, there are degree-granting departments of HPS at several prominent universities.
Karl Popper's (1945) book The Open Society and its Enemies presents an evolutionary approach to political philosophy, [27] as does David Sloan Wilson's (2019) book This View of Life: Completing the Darwinian Revolution. The Handbook of Biology and Politics (2017) [28] examines biopolitics and the intersection of evolutionary biology and ...
A systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history – exerted an immense and profound influence on modern Western thought in general, [142] [143] with the birth of two influential rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes [144] [145] (who spent most of his adult life and wrote all his major work in the ...
Elliott Sober, Philosophy of Biology, 1993/2000; Daniel C. Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life, 1995; Martin Mahner and Mario Bunge, Foundations of Biophilosophy, 1997; Kim Sterelny and Paul E. Griffiths, Sex and Death: An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology, 1999