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Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. [1] The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. [2]
The term "vitamin K antagonist" is a misnomer, as the drugs do not directly antagonise the action of vitamin K in the pharmacological sense, but rather the recycling of vitamin K. Vitamin K is required for the proper production of certain proteins involved in the blood clotting process.
[2] [3] [6] Vitamin K can be delivered into the body via the oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous routes of administration. [7] Vitamin K can influence bone health, coagulation, and insulin sensitivity, but it can also be effected by bariatric surgery which can result in vitamin K deficiency.
Severe symptoms of vitamin K deficiency can include bleeding and hemorrhaging, Thomason notes. Medical experts don't see vitamin K2 deficiency as a widespread concern, though.
"Vitamin K supports the synthesis of osteocalcin, a protein that binds calcium in bones, enhancing bone mineralization and reducing fracture risk," Dr. Durham says. "This is vital for helping to ...
Acenocoumarol is an anticoagulant that functions as a vitamin K antagonist (like warfarin). It is a derivative of coumarin and is generic, so is marketed under many brand names worldwide. [ 1 ]
Phytomenadione, also known as vitamin K 1 or phylloquinone, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. [4] [5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [6] It is used to treat certain bleeding disorders, [5] including warfarin overdose, vitamin K deficiency, and obstructive jaundice. [5]
Like all 4-hydroxycoumarin drugs it is a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme that recycles vitamin K, thus causing depletion of active vitamin K in blood. This prevents the formation of the active form of prothrombin and several other coagulant enzymes. These compounds are not antagonists of Vitamin K directly—as ...