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This universal (all ideal gases are represented by it) surface is normalized so that the black dot, with coordinates ,,, appears at the location (1,1,1) of the 3 dimensional plot space. This device makes it easy to compare this surface with the one generated by the van der Waals equation in Fig. C. Figures A and C are drawn with the same scales ...
A simple example is fitting a line in two dimensions to a set of observations. Assuming that this set contains both inliers, i.e., points which approximately can be fitted to a line, and outliers, points which cannot be fitted to this line, a simple least squares method for line fitting will generally produce a line with a bad fit to the data including inliers and outliers.