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In geometry, visibility is a mathematical abstraction of the real-life notion of visibility. Given a set of obstacles in the Euclidean space , two points in the space are said to be visible to each other, if the line segment that joins them does not intersect any obstacles.
Good sightlines allow spectators to see all areas of a venue stage or field of play. To ensure this designers utilize the C-value, defined as the vertical distance from a spectator's eyes to sightline of the spectator directly behind. The C-value is determined in part by the rake, that is, the upward slope of the seating. [2]
The international definition of fog is a visibility of less than 1 km (3,300 ft); mist is a visibility of between 1 km (0.62 mi) and 2 km (1.2 mi) and haze from 2 km (1.2 mi) to 5 km (3.1 mi). Fog and mist are generally assumed to be composed principally of water droplets, haze and smoke can be of smaller particle size.
In a transmissometer the extinction coefficient is determined by measuring direct light transmissivity, and the extinction coefficient is then used to calculate visibility range. [ 2 ] Atmospheric extinction is a wavelength dependent phenomenon, but the most common wavelength in use for transmissometers is 550 nm , which is in the middle of the ...
The polar angle between the rays from the center of the sphere to the apex of the cap (the pole) and the edge of the disk forming the base of the cap. These variables are inter-related through the formulas a = r sin θ {\displaystyle a=r\sin \theta } , h = r ( 1 − cos θ ) {\displaystyle h=r(1-\cos \theta )} , 2 h r = a 2 + h 2 ...
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Visibility graphs may be used to find Euclidean shortest paths among a set of polygonal obstacles in the plane: the shortest path between two obstacles follows straight line segments except at the vertices of the obstacles, where it may turn, so the Euclidean shortest path is the shortest path in a visibility graph that has as its nodes the start and destination points and the vertices of the ...
At higher altitudes, all physical activity becomes more difficult [8] due to a multitude of reasons, including the lower oxygen levels. But beyond the impact on the athletes, who, in all sports experience physiological effects, higher altitudes result in less air resistance on moving objects. In baseball, this lower air resistance produces more ...