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Riemannian geometry is the branch of differential geometry that studies Riemannian manifolds, defined as smooth manifolds with a Riemannian metric (an inner product on the tangent space at each point that varies smoothly from point to point). This gives, in particular, local notions of angle, length of curves, surface area and volume.
The dot products on every tangent plane, packaged together into one mathematical object, are a Riemannian metric. In differential geometry, a Riemannian manifold is a geometric space on which many geometric notions such as distance, angles, length, volume, and curvature are defined.
This is a list of formulas encountered in Riemannian geometry. Einstein notation is used throughout this article. This article uses the "analyst's" sign convention for Laplacians, except when noted otherwise.
In differential geometry, Riemannian geometry is the study of smooth manifolds with Riemannian metrics; i.e. a choice of positive-definite quadratic form on a manifold's tangent spaces which varies smoothly from point to point. This gives in particular local ideas of angle, length of curves, and volume.
The fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry states that on any Riemannian manifold (or pseudo-Riemannian manifold) there is a unique affine connection that is torsion-free and metric-compatible, called the Levi-Civita connection or (pseudo-) Riemannian connection of the given metric.
In pseudo-Riemannian and Riemannian geometry the Levi-Civita connection is a special connection associated to the metric tensor. These are examples of affine connections . There is also a concept of projective connection , of which the Schwarzian derivative in complex analysis is an instance.
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The subject founded by this work is Riemannian geometry. Riemann found the correct way to extend into n dimensions the differential geometry of surfaces, which Gauss himself proved in his theorema egregium. The fundamental objects are called the Riemannian metric and the Riemann curvature tensor.