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In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. [1] [2] With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make radicals highly chemically reactive. Many radicals spontaneously dimerize. Most organic radicals have short lifetimes.
A free-radical reaction is any chemical reaction involving free radicals. This reaction type is abundant in organic reactions . Two pioneering studies into free radical reactions have been the discovery of the triphenylmethyl radical by Moses Gomberg (1900) and the lead-mirror experiment [ 1 ] described by Friedrich Paneth in 1927.
For example, AIBN and ABCN yield isobutyronitrile and cyclohexanecarbonitrile radicals, respectively. Organic peroxides each have a peroxide bond (-O-O-), which is readily cleaved to give two oxygen-centered radicals. The oxyl radicals are unstable and believed to be transformed into relatively stable carbon-centered radicals.
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In organic chemistry, a radical-substitution reaction is a substitution reaction involving free radicals as a reactive intermediate. [1] The reaction always involves at least two steps, and possibly a third. In the first step called initiation (2,3), a free radical is created by homolysis.
In free radical polymerization, radicals formed from the decomposition of an initiator molecule are surrounded by a cage consisting of solvent and/or monomer molecules. [6] Within the cage, the free radicals undergo many collisions leading to their recombination or mutual deactivation. [5] [6] [9] This can be described by the following reaction:
This is a list of chemists. It should ... 1929), American chemist, known for pioneering studies on the nature of free radicals; ... (1934–2013), PhD in Physical ...