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ggplot2 is an open-source data visualization package for the statistical programming language R.Created by Hadley Wickham in 2005, ggplot2 is an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics—a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graphs into semantic components such as scales and layers. ggplot2 can serve as a replacement for the base graphics in R and contains a ...
Four box plots, with and without notches and variable width. Since the mathematician John W. Tukey first popularized this type of visual data display in 1969, several variations on the classical box plot have been developed, and the two most commonly found variations are the variable-width box plots and the notched box plots shown in Figure 4.
A boxplot may also indicate which observations, if any, might be considered outliers. Carpet plot : A two-dimensional plot that illustrates the interaction between two and three independent variables and one to three dependent variables. Comet plot : A two- or three-dimensional animated plot in which the data points are traced on the screen.
Graphs that are appropriate for bivariate analysis depend on the type of variable. For two continuous variables, a scatterplot is a common graph. When one variable is categorical and the other continuous, a box plot is common and when both are categorical a mosaic plot is common. These graphs are part of descriptive statistics.
Violin plots are similar to box plots, except that they also show the probability density of the data at different values, usually smoothed by a kernel density estimator.A violin plot will include all the data that is in a box plot: a marker for the median of the data; a box or marker indicating the interquartile range; and possibly all sample points, if the number of samples is not too high.
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Another ordering will result in a different mosaic plot, i.e., the order of the variables is significant as for all multivariate plots. At the left edge of the first variable we first plot "Gender," meaning that we divide the data vertically in two blocks: the bottom blocks corresponds to females, while the upper (much larger) one to males.
New details about a study that warned against black plastic spatulas and other kitchen tools have come out. (Getty Creative) (Анатолий Тушенцов via Getty Images)