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  2. File:Intensity profiles of Laguerre-Gaussian modes.pdf ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intensity_profiles_of...

    You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.

  3. Gaussian units - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_units

    One difference between the Gaussian and SI systems is in the factor 4π in various formulas that relate the quantities that they define. With SI electromagnetic units, called rationalized, [3] [4] Maxwell's equations have no explicit factors of 4π in the formulae, whereas the inverse-square force laws – Coulomb's law and the Biot–Savart law – do have a factor of 4π attached to the r 2.

  4. Gaussian quadrature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_quadrature

    Comparison between 2-point Gaussian and trapezoidal quadrature. The blue curve shows the function whose definite integral on the interval [−1, 1] is to be calculated (the integrand). The trapezoidal rule approximates the function with a linear function that coincides with the integrand at the endpoints of the interval and is represented by an ...

  5. Gauss–Laguerre quadrature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss–Laguerre_quadrature

    "Table of zeros and Gaussian Weights of certain Associated Laguerre Polynomials and the related Hermite Polynomials". Mathematics of Computation. 18 (88): 598– 616. doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-1964-0166397-1. JSTOR 2002946. MR 0166397. Ehrich, S. (2002). "On stratified extensions of Gauss-Laguerre and Gauss-Hermite quadrature formulas".

  6. Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_stress...

    The in the Gaussian system (shown here with a prime) that correspond to the permittivity of free space and permeability of free space are ′ =, ′ = then: = [′ ′ ′ ′] and in explicit matrix form: = [] where the energy density becomes = (′ + ′) and the Poynting vector becomes = ′ ′.

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  8. Common integrals in quantum field theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_integrals_in...

    By again completing the square we see that the Fourier transform of a Gaussian is also a Gaussian, but in the conjugate variable. The larger a is, the narrower the Gaussian in x and the wider the Gaussian in J. This is a demonstration of the uncertainty principle.

  9. Gauss–Legendre quadrature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss–Legendre_quadrature

    In 1969, Golub and Welsch published their method for computing Gaussian quadrature rules given the three term recurrence relation that the underlying orthogonal polynomials satisfy. [1] They reduce the problem of computing the nodes of a Gaussian quadrature rule to the problem of finding the eigenvalues of a particular symmetric tridiagonal matrix.