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The incidence of bone marrow failure is triphasic: one peak at two to five years during childhood (due to inherited causes), and two peaks in adulthood, between 20 and 25 years old and after 60 years old (from acquired causes). [14] One in ten individuals with bone marrow failure have unsuspected Fanconi anemia (FA). [14]
Aplastic anemia is associated with increased levels of Th17 cells—which produce pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17—and interferon-γ-producing cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. Th17 cell populations also negatively correlate with regulatory T-cell populations, suppressing auto-reactivity to normal tissues, including the bone ...
Aplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells. [27] Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: D59.0-D59.1: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a type of hemolytic anemia where the body's immune system attacks its own red blood cells (RBCs), leading to their destruction .
Sideroblastic anemia, or sideroachrestic anemia, is a form of anemia in which the bone marrow produces ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes). [1] In sideroblastic anemia, the body has iron available but cannot incorporate it into hemoglobin , which red blood cells need in order to transport oxygen efficiently.
Myelophthisic anemia (or myelophthisis) is a severe type of anemia found in some people with diseases that affect the bone marrow. Myelophthisis refers to the displacement of hemopoietic bone-marrow tissue [1] by fibrosis, tumors, or granulomas. The word comes from the roots myelo-, which refers to bone marrow, and phthisis, shrinkage or atrophy.
There are also two general causes of cytopenia: autoimmune and refractory. Autoimmune cytopenia is caused by an autoimmune disease when your body produces antibodies to destroy the healthy blood cells. Refractory cytopenia is caused by bone marrow not producing healthy blood cells, and can be a result of cancer.
Myelodysplastic syndromes are disorders where defective blood cells are produced by an abnormal bone marrow, resulting in anemia. [4] Severe cases may require ongoing transfusions, and around 70% of people with myelodysplastic syndromes become transfusion dependent at some point.
Primary polycythemias are myeloproliferative diseases affecting red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. Polycythemia vera (PCV) (a.k.a. polycythemia rubra vera (PRV)) occurs when excess red blood cells are produced as a result of an abnormality of the bone marrow. [3] Often, excess white blood cells and platelets are also produced.