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binfmt_misc (Miscellaneous Binary Format) is a capability of the Linux kernel which allows arbitrary executable file formats to be recognized and passed to certain user space applications, such as emulators and virtual machines. [1] It is one of a number of binary format handlers in the kernel that are involved in preparing a user-space program ...
There could be any number of spaces or tabs either before or after interpreter. The optional-arg will include any extra spaces up to the end-of-line. In Linux, the file specified by interpreter can be executed if it has the execute rights and is one of the following: a native executable, such as an ELF binary
In addition to the binary application code, the executables may contain headers and tables with relocation and fixup information as well as various kinds of meta data. Among those formats listed, the ones in most common use are PE (on Microsoft Windows), ELF (on Linux and most other versions of Unix), Mach-O (on macOS and iOS) and MZ (on DOS).
An ELF file has two views: the program header shows the segments used at run time, whereas the section header lists the set of sections.. In computing, the Executable and Linkable Format [2] (ELF, formerly named Extensible Linking Format) is a common standard file format for executable files, object code, shared libraries, and core dumps.
Each of these digits is the sum of its component bits in the binary numeral system. As a result, specific bits add to the sum as it is represented by a numeral: The read bit adds 4 to its total (in binary 100), The write bit adds 2 to its total (in binary 010), and; The execute bit adds 1 to its total (in binary 001).
The segment command contains the address to write the section in virtual address space plus the application's base address. The number of bytes to write to the address location (Address size). After the address information is the file offset the segment data is located in the Mach-O binary, and the number of bytes to read from the file.
If an attempt is made to execute machine code on a non-executable page, an architecture specific fault will typically occur. Treating data as machine code , or finding new ways to use existing machine code, by various techniques, is the basis of some security vulnerabilities.
PIE binaries are used in some security-focused Linux distributions to allow PaX or Exec Shield to use address space layout randomization (ASLR) to prevent attackers from knowing where existing executable code is during a security attack using exploits that rely on knowing the offset of the executable code in the binary, such as return-to-libc ...