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In geometry, an icosahedron (/ ˌ aɪ k ɒ s ə ˈ h iː d r ən,-k ə-,-k oʊ-/ or / aɪ ˌ k ɒ s ə ˈ h iː d r ən / [1]) is a polyhedron with 20 faces. The name comes from Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi) 'twenty' and ἕδρα (hédra) 'seat'.
In geometry, the regular icosahedron (or simply icosahedron) is a convex polyhedron that can be constructed from pentagonal antiprism by attaching two pentagonal pyramids with regular faces to each of its pentagonal faces, or by putting points onto the cube.
Icosahedral symmetry fundamental domains A soccer ball, a common example of a spherical truncated icosahedron, has full icosahedral symmetry. Rotations and reflections form the symmetry group of a great icosahedron. In mathematics, and especially in geometry, an object has icosahedral symmetry if it has the same symmetries as a regular icosahedron.
The truncated icosahedron is an Archimedean solid, meaning it is a highly symmetric and semi-regular polyhedron, and two or more different regular polygonal faces meet in a vertex. [5] It has the same symmetry as the regular icosahedron, the icosahedral symmetry, and it also has the property of vertex-transitivity.
In geometry, the great icosahedron is one of four Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra (nonconvex regular polyhedra), with Schläfli symbol {3, 5 ⁄ 2} and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram of . It is composed of 20 intersecting triangular faces, having five triangles meeting at each vertex in a pentagrammic sequence.
The icosian calculus is a non-commutative algebraic structure discovered by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton in 1856. [1] [2] In modern terms, he gave a group presentation of the icosahedral rotation group by generators and relations.
In 4-dimensional geometry, the icosahedral bipyramid is the direct sum of an icosahedron and a segment, {3,5} + { }. Each face of a central icosahedron is attached with two tetrahedra, creating 40 tetrahedral cells, 80 triangular faces, 54 edges, and 14 vertices. [1]
The motivation for Hamilton was the problem of understanding the symmetries of the dodecahedron and icosahedron, two dual polyhedra that have the same symmetries as each other. For this purpose he also invented icosian calculus , a system of non-commutative algebra which he used to compute these symmetries.
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