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A string galvanometer is a sensitive fast-responding measuring instrument that uses a single fine filament of wire suspended in a strong magnetic field to measure small currents. In use, a strong light source is used to illuminate the fine filament, and the optical system magnifies the movement of the filament allowing it to be observed or ...
Before Einthoven's time, it was known that the beating of the heart produced electrical currents, but the instruments of the time could not accurately measure this phenomenon without placing electrodes directly on the heart. Beginning in 1901, Einthoven completed a series of prototypes of a string galvanometer.
The electrocardiograph was impractical to use until Willem Einthoven, a Dutch physiologist, innovated the use of the string galvanometer for cardiac signal amplification. [2] Significant improvements in amplifier technologies led to the usage of smaller electrodes that were more easily attached to body parts. [ 1 ]
Ivan Kulibin (1735–1818), Russia – egg-shaped clock, candle searchlight, elevator using screw mechanisms, a self-rolling carriage featuring a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearing, an early optical telegraph; Shen Kuo (1031–1095), China – improved gnomon, armillary sphere, clepsydra, and sighting tube
Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven developed the string galvanometer in the early 20th century, publishing the first registration of its use to record an electrocardiogram in a Festschrift book in 1902. The first human electrocardiogram was recorded in 1887, however only in 1901 was a quantifiable result obtained from the string galvanometer.
Williams traveled to Holland to study the methods of Willem Einthoven in 1911. [ 2 ] He constructed the first string galvanometer in America, pioneered vectorcardiography , discovered the ventricular vulnerable period, and first determined the 60-Hz current required to produce ventricular fibrillation with body-surface electrodes.
From 1906, he corresponded with the Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven concerning the latter's invention of the string galvanometer and electrocardiography, and Lewis pioneered its use in clinical settings. Accordingly, Lewis is considered the "father of clinical cardiac electrophysiology".
In 1904 he met Willem Einthoven at the International Physiological Congress in Brussels and then began to make use of a string galvanometer. He published on ECGs and vagus nerve stimulation experiments on frogs in 1908. [1] [2] He began to examine cardiac arrhythmias and their diagnosis. From 1903 to 1930 he worked at the department of zoology ...
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