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The Toba eruption (sometimes called the Toba supereruption or the Youngest Toba eruption) was a supervolcanic eruption that occurred about 74,000 years ago during the Late Pleistocene [2] at the site of present-day Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia. It was the last in a series of at least four caldera -forming eruptions at this location, with the ...
An eruption column or eruption plume is a cloud of super-heated ash and tephra suspended in gases emitted during an explosive volcanic eruption. The volcanic materials form a vertical column or plume that may rise many kilometers into the air above the vent of the volcano. In the most explosive eruptions, the eruption column may rise over 40 km ...
Diagram of a Vulcanian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Lapilli 3. Lava fountain 4. Volcanic ash rain 5. Volcanic bomb 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9. Sill 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma chamber 12. Dike) Click for larger version. Vulcanian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption named after the volcano Vulcano. [24]
An archaeological site in Ethiopia has revealed that a population of humans survived the eruption of Sumatra’s Mount Toba 74,000 years ago. One of the largest eruptions in Earth’s history ...
The lake is located in the middle of the northern part of the island of Sumatra, with a surface elevation of about 900 metres (2,953 ft), the lake stretches from 2.88°N 98.52°E to 2.35°N 99.1°E. The lake is about 100 kilometres (62 miles) long, 30 kilometres (19 mi) wide, and up to 505 metres (1,657 ft) deep. It is the largest lake in ...
A value of 0 is given for non-explosive eruptions, defined as less than 10,000 m 3 (350,000 cu ft) of tephra ejected; and 8 representing a supervolcanic eruption that can eject 1.0 × 10 12 m 3 (240 cubic miles) of tephra and have a cloud column height of over 20 km (66,000 ft). The scale is logarithmic, with each interval on the scale ...
A larger dry eruption ensued, which erupted 7.7 km 3 (1.8 cu mi) ash/pumice over a huge area, over up to 17 hours, before partial column collapse with as many as eleven dry pyroclastic flow density currents resulting in 1.5 km 3 (0.36 cu mi) of local ignimbrite deposits to the east of the present lake. [16]: 123
Approximately 760,000 years ago, this super volcano in particular had a massive eruption on an apocalyptic scale that blanketed the United States region in molten lava and ash. And if such were to ...