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Clostridial toxins are known to aid in gastrointestinal diseases and there is a wide range of mechanisms that clostridial toxins take to invade or enter the cell of the host. Pore forming bacterial toxins are common and have a very interesting way of entering or invading the host's cell.
Most channel-forming toxins, which form pores in the target cell membrane, can be classified into two families: the cholesterol-dependent toxins and the RTX toxins. Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins; Formation of pores by cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDC) requires the presence of cholesterol in the target cell. The size of the pores formed ...
Aluminum is the most common natural metal in the Earth's crust and is naturally cycled throughout the environment via processes like the weathering of rocks and volcano eruptions. [21] Those natural processes release more aluminum into the freshwater environments than do humans, but anthropogenic impact has been causing values to rise above the ...
The term toxungen has also been proposed to refer to toxins that are delivered onto the body surface of another organism without an accompanying wound. [16] A rather informal terminology of individual toxins relates them to the anatomical location where their effects are most notable: Genitotoxin, damages the urinary organs or the reproductive ...
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. [1] Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity).
The term binary toxin simply implies a two part toxin where both components are necessary for toxic activity. Several β-PFTs form binary toxins. As discussed above, the majority of the Toxin_10 family proteins act as part of binary toxins with partner proteins that may belong to the Toxin_10 or other structural families.
The toxic activity of LPS was first discovered and termed endotoxin by Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer.He distinguished between exotoxins, toxins that are released by bacteria into the surrounding environment, and endotoxins, which are toxins "within" the bacterial cell and released only after destruction of the bacterial outer membrane. [11]
The toxins, named mycotoxins, deter other organisms from consuming the food the fungi colonise. As with bacterial toxins, there is a wide array of fungal toxins. Arguably one of the more dangerous mycotoxins is aflatoxin produced by certain species of the genus Aspergillus (notably A. flavus). If ingested repeatedly, this toxin can cause ...