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In SI units illuminance is measured in lux (lx), or equivalently in lumens per square metre (lm·m −2). [2] Luminous exitance is measured in lm·m −2 only, not lux. [4] In the CGS system, the unit of illuminance is the phot, which is equal to 10 000 lux. The foot-candle is a non-metric unit of illuminance that is used in photography. [5]
Visual inspection is a common method of quality control, data acquisition, and data analysis.Visual Inspection, used in maintenance of facilities, mean inspection of equipment and structures using either or all of raw human senses such as vision, hearing, touch and smell and/or any non-specialized inspection equipment.
The lux (symbol: lx) is the unit of illuminance, or luminous flux per unit area, in the International System of Units (SI). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is equal to one lumen per square metre. In photometry , this is used as a measure of the irradiance , as perceived by the spectrally unequally responding human eye, of light that hits or passes through a ...
lux (= lumen per square metre) lx (= lm/m 2) L −2 ⋅J: Luminous flux incident on a surface Luminous exitance, luminous emittance M v: lumen per square metre lm/m 2: L −2 ⋅J: Luminous flux emitted from a surface Luminous exposure: H v: lux second: lx⋅s L −2 ⋅T⋅J: Time-integrated illuminance Luminous energy density ω v: lumen ...
1 lux < 1 lux: Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset or sunrise 10 1: 1 decalux: 40 lux: Fully overcast, sunset or sunrise 10 2: 1 hectolux < 200 lux: Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday 400 lux: Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination) 10 4: 10 kilolux: 10–25 kilolux: Typical overcast day, midday 20 kilolux
The site inspection should be a thorough and representative picture of the structure and above mentioned building systems. For larger buildings, a rule of thumb is to view 10% of the building; however, depending on the structure, floor plan and building systems, this may not be enough to afford a representative picture.
Process Equipment Subgroup: Division 40 — Process Interconnections; Division 41 — Material Processing and Handling Equipment; Division 42 — Process Heating, Cooling, and Drying Equipment; Division 43 — Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification and Storage Equipment; Division 44 — Pollution Control Equipment
The selection of the proper index to use depends on the industry in which it is applied. For example, while CE, M&S or IC Index are typically employed for chemical process industries, the ENR (Engineering News-Record) construction index is used for general industrial construction and takes in account the prices for fixed amounts of structural steel, cement, lumber and labor.