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A key influence on agrarian land reform in revolutionary Mexico was of Andrés Molina Enríquez, who is considered the intellectual father of Article 27 of the 1917 Constitution. His 1909 book, Los Grandes Problemas Nacionales (The Great National Problems) laid out his analysis of Mexico's unequal land tenure system and his vision of land ...
Article 3 established the basis for free, mandatory, and secular education; [7] [8] Article 27 laid the foundation for land reform in Mexico; [8] and Article 123 was designed to empower the labor sector, which had emerged in the late nineteenth century and which supported the winning faction of the Mexican Revolution. [8]
[2] [3] He is considered the intellectual father of the land reform movement in modern Mexico embodied in Article 27 of the Constitution of 1917, and for reasserting the principle of national sovereignty with regard to ownership of land and resources on a liberal positivist basis. [4] [5] [6] He has been called "the Rousseau of the Mexican ...
Zapata's Plan of Ayala influenced Article 27 of the progressive 1917 Constitution of Mexico that codified an agrarian reform program. [77] Even though the Mexican Revolution did restore some land that had been taken under Díaz, the land reform on the scale imagined by Zapata was never enacted. [27]
Prior to the signing of NAFTA, however, dissent amongst indigenous peasants was already on the rise in 1992 with the amendment of Article 27 of the Constitution. The amendment called for the end of land reform and the regularizing of all landholdings, which ended land redistribution in Mexico. [25]
Land reform in Mexico was enabled by Article 27. Economic nationalism was also enabled by Article 27, restricting ownership of enterprises by foreigners. The Constitution restricted the Catholic Church ; implementing the restrictions in the late 1920s resulted in the Cristero War .
Carlos Salinas de Gortari became Mexico's president in 1988 [4] and drove changes to Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution that ended the redistribution of land to ejidos and enabled the large-scale transfer of rural, indigenous community land to transfer to multinational food corporations. [5]
The Plan was first proclaimed on November 28, 1911, in the town of Ayala, Morelos, and was later amended on June 19, 1914. [2][3]The Plan of Ayala was a key document during the revolution and influenced land reform in Mexico during the 1920s and 1930s.[4] It was the fundamental text of the Zapatistas. [4]