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In social psychology, social loafing is the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when working alone. [ 1 ][ 2 ] It is seen as one of the main reasons groups are sometimes less productive than the combined performance of their members working as individuals.
Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. [20] Social impact theory considers the extent to which individuals can be viewed as either sources or targets of social influence. When individuals work collectively, the demands of an outside source of social ...
Welfare in America. The United States spends approximately $2.3 trillion on federal and state social programs including cash assistance, health insurance, food assistance, housing subsidies, energy and utilities subsidies, and education and childcare assistance. Similar benefits are sometimes provided by the private sector either through policy ...
The Ringelmann effect is the tendency for individual members of a group to become increasingly less productive as the size of their group increases. [1] This effect, discovered by French agricultural engineer Maximilien Ringelmann (1861–1931), illustrates the inverse relationship that exists between the size of a group and the magnitude of group members’ individual contribution to the ...
Collective memory has been conceptualized in several ways and proposed to have certain attributes. For instance, collective memory can refer to a shared body of knowledge (e.g., memory of a nation's past leaders or presidents); [6] [7] [8] the image, narrative, values and ideas of a social group; or the continuous process by which collective memories of events change.
v. t. e. Social class in the United States refers to the idea of grouping Americans by some measure of social status, typically by economic status. However, it could also refer to social status and/or location. [1] The idea that American society can be divided into social classes is disputed, and there are many competing class systems.
Deindividuation is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness [ 1 ] in groups, although this is a matter of contention (see below). For the social psychologist, the level of analysis is the individual in the context of a social situation. As such, social psychologists emphasize the role of internal ...
Affluence refers to an individual's or household's economical and financial advantage in comparison to others. [1] It may be assessed through either income or wealth. In absolute terms, affluence is a relatively widespread phenomenon in the United States, with over 30% of households having an income exceeding $100,000 per year and over 30% of ...