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Neurology. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) are symptoms that are archetypically associated with the extrapyramidal system of the brain's cerebral cortex. When such symptoms are caused by medications or other drugs, they are also known as extrapyramidal side effects (EPSE). The symptoms can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
The extrapyramidal tracts are chiefly found in the reticular formation of the pons and medulla, and target lower motor neurons in the spinal cord that are involved in reflexes, locomotion, complex movements, and postural control. These tracts are in turn modulated by various parts of the central nervous system, including the nigrostriatal ...
Pyramidal signs can be a result from different types of damage to the brain or spinal cord, such as strokes, infections, tumors, hemorrhagic events, multiple sclerosis, or trauma. [ 4 ] Parkinsonian-Pyramidal syndrome (PPS) is a combination of both pyramidal and parkinsonian signs that manifest in various neurodegenerative diseases.
Benzatropine is a centrally acting anticholinergic / antihistamine agent. It is a selective M 1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Benzatropine partially blocks cholinergic activity in the basal ganglia and has also been shown to increase the availability of dopamine by blocking its reuptake and storage in central sites, and as a ...
According to a 2013 meta-analysis of the comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs it was the most prone of the 15 for causing extrapyramidal side effects. [29] With more than 6 months of use 14 percent of users gain weight. [44] Haloperidol may be neurotoxic. [45] Common (>1% incidence) Extrapyramidal side effects including:
The term pyramidal tracts refers to upper motor neurons that originate in the cerebral cortex and terminate in the spinal cord (corticospinal) or brainstem (corticobulbar). Nerves emerge in the cerebral cortex, pass down and may cross sides in the medulla oblongata, and travel as part of the spinal cord until they synapse with interneurons in ...
Chlorpromazine is in the typical antipsychotic class, [6] and, chemically, is one of the phenothiazines. Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear but is believed to be related to its ability as a dopamine antagonist. [6] It has antiserotonergic and antihistaminergic properties.
Risperidone. Risperidone, sold under the brand name Risperdal among others, is an atypical antipsychotic [2] used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, [2] as well as irritability associated with autism. [9] It is taken either by mouth or by injection (i.e., subcutaneous or intramuscular). [2]