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Headway is the distance or duration between vehicles in a transit system. The minimum headway is the shortest such distance or time achievable by a system without a reduction in the speed of vehicles. The precise definition varies depending on the application, but it is most commonly measured as the distance from the tip (front end) of one ...
Modern automatic level in use on a construction site. A level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane in a process known as levelling. It is used in conjunction with a levelling staff to establish the relative height or levels (the vertical separation) of objects or marks.
By using trigonometry the user of an Abney level can determine height, volume, and grade. [ 3 ] Abney levels are made with square tubular bodies so that they may also be used to directly measure the slopes of plane surfaces by simply placing the body of the level on the surface, adjusting the level, and then reading the angle off of the scale.
This gives the height of the instrument above the starting (backsight) point and allows the height of the instrument (H.I.) above the datum to be computed. The rod is then held on an unknown point and a reading is taken in the same manner, allowing the elevation of the new (foresight) point to be computed.
Route capacity is often calculated and applied in the management and design of rail systems. For railways with very high passenger loads, the maximum possible route capacity is an important factor.
The terms most commonly used for this measurement vary from one country or region to the next. In Australia floor space ratio (FSR) is used in New South Wales [5] and plot ratio in Western Australia. [6] In France coefficient d'occupation des sols (COS) is used. In Brazil, Coeficiente de Aproveitamento (CA) is used.
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Wild brand subtense bar. Another device used in tacheometry to measure distance between the measuring station and a desired point is the subtense bar. [2] This is a rigid rod, usually of a material insensitive to change in temperature such as invar, of fixed length (typically 2 metres (6.6 ft)).